Cane toad

A Cane Toad Biosecurity Zone has been established in NSW to help in slowing the spread and further establishment of cane toads in NSW. See brochure for details.

Report sightings here

Origin and introduction to Australia

The cane toad (Rhinella marina) originates from the southern United States and tropical South America. Cane toads were introduced to Australia as part of a biological control program for beetle pests of sugar cane. Intentional cane toad releases occurred in northern Queensland and northern NSW however the species has now spread across Queensland, the Northern Territory, Western Australia as well as further into New South Wales.

Management in NSW

Cane toads are considered a serious non-native invasive pest in NSW. The species has the ability to cause devastating impacts on our communities, native wildlife and ecosystems due to their ability to spread to new areas, use limited natural resources and to poison animals that try to eat them.

Cane toads can be accidentally transported to new locations, for example in freight, green waste and loads of timber etc. People travelling from cane toad infested areas such as the Pacific Islands, Queensland, Northern Territory and north eastern NSW should pay attention to ensure they are not carrying a ‘hitchhiker’ cane toad in their luggage, equipment, vehicle or trailer.

The Cane Toad Biosecurity Zone

There is no broadscale method to control the cane toad. However, maintaining awareness of cane toads, reporting their presence and managing them responsibly when detected will help in slowing the spread and further establishment of cane toads in NSW. The Cane Toad Biosecurity Zone incorporates all areas of NSW except a portion of the north east of the state where surveys indicate that cane toads have established endemic populations.

NSW Cane Toad Biosecurity Zone Map


Click for larger view

This map shows three areas of NSW along with guidance on the management and reporting of cane toads in each area. The Cane Toad Biosecurity Zone consists of the Buffer areas and Cane toad free area. To help with determining which of the three areas a specific address is located in, the map has an address search function.

Managing cane toads detected in the Biosecurity Zone

If you think you have seen a cane toad:

Catch it:

  • Don’t harm it - it might actually be a native frog
  • Wear protective clothing such as disposable gloves,glasses, long sleeves and eye protection before touching it
  • Watch out for poison. When stressed, cane toads can ooze and sometimes squirt poison from glands
    behind the head
  • If you can do so safely, keep it in a well-ventilated container with a little water in a cool location while we determine the species

Report it:

Guide to reporting cane toads in NSW

Area

Area colour

What to do if you spot a cane toad in this area

Established cane
toad population area

Green

Be alert to cane toads and prevent their spread into the Cane Toad Biosecurity Zone

Buffer area (Cane toad Biosecurity Zone)

Amber

Suspected cane toads should be photographed, carefully contained and reported.

If the suspected cane toad is part of a new infestation detected outside a National Park it should be reported to Border Ranges-Richmond Valley Landcare Network or Clarence Landcare.

If the suspected cane toad is part of a new infestation detected inside a National Park it should be reported to National Parks and Wildlife Service - North Coast Branch via Environment Line on 131 555 or info@environment.nsw.gov.au.

No person can keep, move or release a cane toad in the Cane Toad Biosecurity Zone unless permitted for pest control, research or exhibition.

Cane toad free area (Cane toad Biosecurity Zone)

Red

Suspected cane toads should be photographed, carefully contained and reported using the NSW DPI Report an unusual animal form.

No person can keep, move or release a cane toad from captivity in the Cane Toad Biosecurity Zone unless permitted for pest control, research or exhibition.

Description

Cane toads are large heavily-built amphibians with dry warty skin. They have a bony head and over their eyes are bony ridges that meet above the nose. They sit upright and move in short rapid hops. Their hind feet have leathery webbing between the toes and their front feet are unwebbed. Adult cane toads have large swellings - the parotoid glands - on each shoulder behind the eardrum.

Cane toads may be grey, yellowish, olive-brown or reddish-brown, and their bellies are pale with dark mottling. Average-sized adults are 10-15 cm long. The largest female measured in Queensland was 24 cm long and weighed 1.3 kg. Male cane toads are smaller and wartier than females. During the breeding season males develop dark lumps (nuptial pads) on their first two fingers; these help them cling to a female while mating. Their mating call is a long loud purring trill.

Young cane toads have a smooth dark skin with darker blotches and bars, and lack conspicuous parotoid glands.

Cane toad tadpoles are shiny black on top and have a plain dark belly and a short thin tail. They are smaller (less than 3.5 cm long) than most native tadpoles and often gather in huge numbers in shallow water. Cane toad spawn is unique in Australia. It is laid in long strings of transparent jelly enclosing double rows of black eggs. The spawn tangles in dense dark masses around water plants, and hangs in ropy strands if picked up.

By Jemma Gillard for NSW DPI

Think you’ve found a cane toad?

Find out how to tell the difference between a cane toad and a native frog.

These native frogs are often mistaken for cane toads in NSW:

  • Eastern pobblebonk frog
  • Giant burrowing frog
  • Northern banjo frog
  • Peron’s tree frog
  • Tusked frog
  • Great barred frog
  • Ornate burrowing frog
  • Common eastern froglet
  • Spotted marsh frog.

Learn about these native frogs on the Australian Museum’s Frog ID website, or download their app.

cane toad information flyer

Impact

The cane toad is tough and adaptable as well as being poisonous throughout its life cycle. It has few predators in Australia, which is bad news for competing native amphibians, and it may be responsible for the population decline of the few snakes and other species that do prey on it.

Cane toads were deliberately introduced from Hawaii to Australia in 1935 to control scarab beetles that were pests of sugar cane. Since then, the range of cane toads has expanded through Australia’s northern landscape and they are now moving westward at an estimated 40 to 60 km per year. In February 2009, cane toads crossed the Western Australian border with the Northern Territory (over 2000 km from the site they were released 74 years before). To the south, cane toads were introduced to Byron Bay in 1965 and then spread to Yamba and Port Macquarie on the north coast of NSW in 2003.

Cane toads are considered a pest in Australia because they:

  • poison pets and injure humans with their toxins
  • poison many native animals whose diet includes frogs, tadpoles and frogs' eggs
  • eat large numbers of honey bees, creating a management problem for bee-keepers
  • prey on native fauna
  • compete for food with vertebrate insectivores such as small skinks
  • may carry diseases that are can be transmitted to native frogs and fishes.

Cane toads can be accidentally transported to new locations, for example in pot plants or loads of timber.

Behaviour

Cane toads eat almost anything they can swallow, including pet food, carrion and household scraps, but most of their food is living insects. Beetles, honey bees, ants, winged termites, crickets and bugs are eaten in abundance. Marine snails, smaller toads and native frogs, small snakes, and small mammals are occasionally eaten by cane toads. The tadpoles of cane toads eat algae and other aquatic plants which they rasp off with five rows of tiny peg-like teeth. They also filter organic matter from the water. Large tadpoles sometimes eat cane toad eggs.

Adult cane toads are active at night during the warm months of the year. During the day and in cold or dry weather they shelter in moist crevices and hollows, sometimes excavating depressions beneath logs, rocks and debris. They can survive the loss of up to 50% of their body water, and can survive temperatures ranging from 5ºC - 40ºC.

Cane toads are prolific breeders, requiring only a small pool of water of almost any nature.

Cane toads can breed in most still or slow-flowing water, and tolerate salinity levels up to 15%. Male cane toads start calling for mates after the first summer storms (in Australia that is about September) or when water temperatures reach 25º C. The choruses peak in January and finish by March. The males congregate after dark around shallow water and mount females as they arrive at the water's edge. The male grips the female in the armpits (this is called axillary amplexus) and she releases her eggs, which are fertilised externally by the male's sperm.

Females lay 8,000 to 35,000 eggs at a time and may produce two clutches a year although only a small proportion of young survive to adulthood. The eggs hatch within 24-72 hours and the tadpole stage may last from 3-20 weeks, depending on food supply and water temperature - generally a range of 25-30ºC is needed for healthy development. The tadpoles gradually change (metamorphose) into toadlets 1-1.5 cm in length that leave the water and congregate in large numbers.

Humane Euthanasia of cane toads

There are various methods available for the euthanasia of cane toads, such as using registered products like Hopstop® spray. Another simple and effective method is to place a toad in a suitable container and hold it in a refrigerator (at 4°C) for 8 -12 hours (i.e., usually overnight) and then transfer the container to a freezer (at -20°C) and hold for a further 24 hours as a minimum (ANZCCART 2016).

When using this method, it is important that there is sufficient cool air around each individual toad to allow for uniform cooling and freezing. It is not recommended that large numbers of toads are placed in a bag together as it will take much longer for those in the centre of the bag to be cooled. As such, it is recommended that toads are placed in containers and stacked to allow appropriate circulation of air and consistent cooling.

Where it is not possible to refrigerate toads before freezing, or where toads are likely to be captive for some time before they can be placed in a fridge/freezer, they should be placed into a bucket (or similar container with lid) and euthanised immediately with Hopstop®. These animals can then later be placed into a freezer to ensure death and/or if specimens need to be kept for further analysis.

Dead toads must not be left in the field, they need to be carefully disposed of to ensure they do not pose a risk to domestic animals or native fauna that are susceptible to cane toad toxin.

Codes of Practice (COP) and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for the humane euthanasia of cane toads

In 2009, NSW DPI developed a Standard Operating Procedure for the field euthanasia of cane toads, which was subsequently reviewed in 2011. This document is available from the Dept of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water website.

As the SOP document has not been reviewed since 2011, the recommendations outlined are based on the latest scientific literature. NSW DPI will review and update the euthanasia methods as new information becomes available.

Cane toad euthanasia - relative humaneness of current methods is available to download. This document outlines what is currently known about the relative humaneness of cane toad euthanasia methods based on objective scientific research.

Legislation

Under clause 44H of the Biosecurity Regulation 2019, a biosecurity zone known as the Cane Toad Biosecurity Zone is established for all land within NSW other than the following land:

  • (a) all land within the following local government areas:
    • (i) Tweed,
    • (ii) Byron,
    • (iii) Lismore,
    • (iv) Ballina,
  • (b) all land within the part of the local government areas of Kyogle and Richmond Valley bounded by Summerland Way in the west,
  • (c) all land within the part of the local government area of Clarence Valley bounded by:
    • (i) in the south, the part of the Clarence River east of the town of Lawrence, and
    • (ii) in the west by:
      • (A) the part of Pringles Way between the town of Lawrence and its intersection with Summerland Way, and
      • (B) the part of Summerland Way north of its intersection with Pringles Way.

Regulatory measures

  1. An owner or occupier of land in the cane toad biosecurity zone on which there is the pest Rhinella marina (Cane toad) must
  • (a) if the pest is part of a new infestation of the pest on the land, notify an
    authorised officer as soon as practicable in accordance with Part 6, and
  • (b) to the extent it is reasonably practicable, humanely destroy the pest on the land by any lawful method, and
  • (c) to the extent it is reasonably practicable, prevent the spread of the pest from the land.
  • A person must not engage in any of the following dealings with ta cane toad in the cane toad biosecurity zone:
    • (a) have possession of the animal,
    • (b) move the animal,
    • (c) release the pest animal from captivity.
  • However
    • (a) subclause (2)(a) or (b) does not apply if the dealing is:
      • (i) for permitted exhibition purposes within the
        meaning of clause 1 of Schedule 3 to the Act, or
      • (ii) the dealing is for permitted research purposes or is ancillary to permitted research purposes, within the meaning of clause 1 of Schedule 3 to the Act, or
      • (iii) the dealing is for permitted pest animal incursion program purposes within the meaning of clause 1 of Schedule 3 to the Act, and
      • (iv) the dealing is or forms part of a lawful measure taken by the person to control a pest, including, but to limited to, a measure taken for the purposes of complying with subsection (1), and
    • (b) subclause (2)(c) does not apply if—
    • (i) the dealing is for permitted research purposes or is ancillary to permitted research purposes within the meaning of clause 1 of Schedule 3 to the Act, or
    • (ii) the dealing is for permitted pest animal incursion program purposes within the meaning of clause 1 of Schedule 3 to the Act.
  • An occupier of land is taken not to be engaging in a dealing for the purposes of subclause (2)(a) in relation to animals on the land unless the occupier has actual (rather than deemed) possession of the animal.
  • Note. Section 12(2) of the Act deems an occupier of land to have possession of any biosecurity matter or carrier (including animals) on that land in certain circumstances.

    Information on the management of cane toads in national parks can be found at the NSW Environment, Energy and Science.

    Information sources